In this episode of Cultivation Elevated, Michael Williamson is joined by cannabis attorney Devon Baxter to cut through the noise around cannabis rescheduling and explain what the shift to Schedule 3 actually means for operators. They break down why rescheduling is not legalization, how 280E tax relief really plays out in practice, why banking access remains limited, and where compliance, lab testing, and enforcement risks are often underestimated. The conversation also explores the impacts on MSOs versus craft operators, the evolving relationship between hemp and cannabis, potential pharmaceutical involvement, and what disciplined operators should prioritize over the next 12–24 months as federal scrutiny increases.

Episode Breakdown

Intro: What Rescheduling Really Means

0:00 – 4:20

Michael Williamson sets the stage on cannabis rescheduling and why the headlines are misleading.

Rescheduling reshapes the regulatory chessboard — but it doesn’t legalize cannabis, fix banking, or eliminate federal-state tension.

Rescheduling vs Legalization: Clearing the Confusion

4:20 – 7:15

Devin Baxter explains the legal reality behind Schedule 1 → Schedule 3.

Why the executive order changes process, not law — and what immediately stays the same for operators.

The Science & Legal Strategy Behind Rescheduling

7:15 – 10:35

How FDA-compliant research and pharmaceutical-grade manufacturing forced regulators’ hands.

Why the government could no longer defend Schedule 1 under scientific scrutiny.

280E, Taxes, and the Reality of Margin Relief

10:35 – 14:55

Why 280E relief is real — but not instant or clean.

What operators need to revisit in financial structures, expense tracking, and investor expectations.

Banking: Why Rescheduling Doesn’t Open the Floodgates

14:55 – 18:50

Why federally chartered banks still won’t rush into cannabis.

Where state banks and credit unions may cautiously expand — and what that means for access to capital.

Compliance, SOPs & “DEA-Ready” Operations

18:50 – 22:50

Why rescheduling likely increases scrutiny rather than reduces it.

How GMPs, SOP discipline, labeling, and consistency become competitive advantages.

MSOs vs Craft Operators: Different Risks, Same Rules

22:50 – 27:10

How rescheduling impacts MSOs, single-state operators, and craft cultivators differently.

Why consolidation may accelerate — but won’t erase the craft segment.

Lab Testing, Health Risk & Enforcement Blind Spots

27:10 – 33:50

Why lab integrity, sampling practices, and product consistency are underestimated risks.

The danger of “lab shopping” as more vulnerable patients enter the market.

Hemp, CBD & the Path Toward Convergence

33:50 – 40:15

What rescheduling and recent legislation could mean for intoxicating hemp products.

Why MSOs and national brands are re-entering hemp — and where the regulatory gaps may close.

Pharma, Patents & Schedule 3 Implications

40:15 – 44:30

Why pharmaceutical companies move slowly — and selectively.

Where pharma may participate (capsules, sprays, research) — and where they likely won’t.

Interstate Commerce & Federal Preemption

44:30 – 49:00

Why rescheduling doesn’t authorize interstate commerce — but may invite legal challenges.

How state protections and federal authority may collide in the next phase.

Operator Strategy: What to Prioritize Now

49:00 – 55:30

Devin’s top three strategic priorities:

Securing long-term cultivation infrastructure (power & water)
Tax and capital planning post-280E
Tightening compliance in anticipation of increased oversight

Final Takeaways

55:30 – End

Rescheduling isn’t a silver bullet — or a nothing burger.

Operators who win next are disciplined, compliant, and focused on second- and third-order effects — not headlines.

Listen to Learn:

• What truly separates greenhouse CEA from indoor growing, and why confusing the two leads to costly mistakes
• Why the first wave of vertical farms failed and what today’s winners are doing differently
• How to design around the crop, not the technology
• The engineering realities of multi-tier indoor farms
• What real product development looks like across cannabis, strawberries, lettuce, seedlings & beyond
• Why modular, crop-specific systems are the future of indoor agriculture

Intro & Danielle’s Background

0:00–4:20
Meet Danielle Will, Pipp Horticulture’s new Product Manager. Danielle shares how her experience in tissue culture, greenhouse engineering, and biotech shaped a practical, multidisciplinary approach to CEA product design.

Greenhouse vs. Indoor CEA: The Real Differences

4:20–10:19
Danielle breaks down what actually changes when you move indoors:
• Transparent glazing vs. sealed environments
• Fresh air exchange vs. air recirculation
• Load density challenges from stacked tiers
• Why “controlling everything” is powerful, but comes with tradeoffs

System Design Mistakes & Operator Challenges

10:19–17:23
Why expensive technology can’t fix:
• Poor early-stage design decisions
• Under-sized systems
• Lack of grower input
• Misunderstanding seasonal and operational loads

The Importance of Skilled Operators

17:23–21:21
Why average systems + great people outperform cutting-edge tech with weak operators, and why successful CEA requires fluency in both biology and mechanical systems.

Product Development Across Multiple Crops

21:21–25:39
How Pipp is expanding beyond cannabis into strawberries, leafy greens, seedlings, and more, and why airflow, lighting, irrigation style, tray spacing, and plant density must be crop-specific to work.

Designing for Today vs. Designing for the Future

25:39–27:38
Why Danielle designs five years ahead, without chasing full automation too early. Practicality, flexibility, and modularity matter more than buzzwords.

Why Past Vertical Farms Failed

27:38–33:29
A candid look at the first wave of collapses:
• Tech-first VC models that ignored agriculture
• Low-margin crops paired with massive capex
• Unrealistic yield and cost assumptions
• Automation pushed before systems were ready

Future Crops & Untapped Opportunities

33:29–38:54
Which high-value crops are best suited for indoor production: wasabi, blueberries, seedlings, berries, specialty crops, and where the real opportunity lies.

Modularity, Crop Fit & Scalable Design

38:54–43:40
Why the future of Pipp’s product line focuses on:
• Designing around the crop, not forcing the crop to fit
• Modular irrigation systems (ebb & flood, NFT, DWC, aeroponics)
• Higher density with better uniformity
• Systems that are validated, repeatable, and scalable

Rapid-Fire Questions

43:40–48:08
Danielle spills on:
• Her favorite crop to grow
• First concert
• Most underrated grow room technology
• Go-to CEA learning resource
• Favorite veggie snack
• And her order at Mad Dogs 

Listen to our latest episode to discover the science and strategy behind the final 2–3 weeks of flower — managing senescence and finishing techniques to maximize chemical quality, aroma, terpene retention, coloration, and smooth burn.

Episode Breakdown

Intro: Understanding Senescence

Why Finishing Matters & Common Late-Stage Mistakes

Defining a Finished Flower: Trichomes, Pistils, & Visual Cues

Environmental Tapering: Light, CO₂, Temperature, Humidity, VPD

Color, Anthocyanins & Phenotypic Plasticity

The 48-Hour Dark Period Myth

Drying-on-the-Vine Strategy

Root-Zone & Nutrient Strategy: The Flushing Debate

Airflow, Canopy Thinning & Late-Flower Risk Management

Top 3 Finishing Insights

Future Research: Ethylene, ABA & Ripening Chemistry

Podcast Episode Summary: 

In this episode, Michael and Anders talk about the most crucial phase of a cannabis plant’s lifecycle, the transition from vegetative growth to flowering, often referred to as the “flip.” This 10-day window determines the yield ceiling for the entire cycle, and missteps made here can’t be recovered later.

They unpack the physiological, environmental, and operational shifts that must be managed with precision - including lighting, VPD (vapor pressure deficit), CO₂, and irrigation. The hosts emphasize DLI matching, gradual environmental ramping, and avoiding compounded stress from practices like pruning, high EC, or VPD swings.

From there, they discuss crop steering, humidification gaps in modern facilities, and how these can lead to common visual cues like red stems. They finish by breaking down canopy management and topping strategies, stressing the importance of genetic familiarity (“crop registration”) and lean facility management, optimizing plant density, minimizing unnecessary touches, and streamlining trellising and labor practices.

Episode Breakdown

Intro

0:00–1:11

• Episode intro and context

• “Today’s topic: the critical veg-to-flower transition, why it defines your yield ceiling.”

Lighting, VPD, and CO₂ Management

1:11–8:19

• Importance of not “stacking stress” during transitions

• DLI matching: adjust intensity to maintain consistent light exposure, moving from 18-hour to 12-hour photo periods

• VPD matching: avoid sudden drops in humidity that shock plants

• Common error: flower rooms without humidifiers → causes high VPD (1.5–2.0) and plant stress

• CO₂ strategies: start near veg levels (~800 ppm) and ramp up gradually (to ~1200–1400 ppm)

Key insight: Match environment and plant readiness; avoid drastic changes.

Compounding Stress & Crop Steering

8:19–10:59

• “Don’t add stress on top of stress”, physical movement, pruning, environmental changes all add up

• Early flower is already generatively steered (intentional stress); don’t layer more

• Humidification systems are often overlooked, essential to prevent high early-flower VPD

• Lack of humidity + high EC = red stems, delayed growth

Key insight: High VPD early in flower + high EC = recipe for osmotic stress and nutrient toxicity.

Balancing EC and Climate

10:59–14:37

• If humidity is low, lower your EC to avoid overfeeding and lockout

• Root zone and environment are intrinsically tied, don’t treat them separately

• Gradual EC ramping over first 10 days is safer

• If your environment can handle it (good humidity control), you can run higher EC from day one

Key insight: Always balance VPD and EC, the law of minimums applies.

Canopy Management

14:37–19:09

• Transitioning to talk about stretch, topping, pruning, and defoliation

• General rule: avoid heavy manipulation during early flower, let plants focus on hormonal transition

• “Top or not top?” → depends on plant density and local regulations

• Untopped, high-density canopies preferred when allowed

• Introduces the concept of crop registration, grouping cultivars by growth behavior (short/medium/tall, heavy/light feeders, etc.)

Key insight: Know your cultivars before applying a one-size-fits-all canopy strategy.

Pruning & Hormonal Shifts

19:09–22:00

• Timing matters, do skirting and light pruning in late veg (5–7 days before flip)

• Avoid topping right before transition; it causes hormonal confusion

• Plants experience dual hormonal stress if topped right before 12-hour flip

• Use lean principles: minimize unnecessary handling and repetitive labor

Key insight: Don’t make hormonal transitions harder, time pruning and topping well before the flip.

Lean Practices & Trellising

22:00–23:01

• Discussion on over-trellising, three layers often unnecessary

• Suggests laying two trellises at once for efficiency and reduced labor

• Highlights lean movement and eliminating wasted effort

Key insight: Efficiency in canopy management = more consistent, less-stressed plants.

Treillage & Canopy Prep

23:20–25:20

• Self-analyze workflow, are you making things unnecessarily complicated?

• Trellis early and spread plants evenly; avoid overspreading.

• Ideal: one top per trellis square; fill canopy without damaging plants.

• Timing is critical. Too late and branches snap or stress the plant.
  
  Key insight: Proper trellising prevents structural stress and maximizes canopy density.

Substrate & Rooting Strategy

25:49–29:45

• Two main approaches: root in place during veg or transplant at flip.

• Transplanting introduces a small delay in vertical growth, with roots before shoots.

• Veg-in-place adds 3–5 days of flower-time delay; financial implications vary by state.

• High-value markets can justify veg-in-place for optimal root development.
  
  Key insight: Root readiness drives plant readiness more than shoot size.

Plant Readiness for Flip

31:01–34:00

• Look for mature root and shoot structure capable of supporting aggressive flowering (56–63 days).

• Healthy apical growth ensures balanced nutrient uptake and vigor.

• Smaller substrates (1–3 gal) root faster, allowing quicker flips.
  
  Key insight: Don’t flip a plant too early, root mass is the limiting factor for flower success.

Operational Pitfalls

34:29–36:00

• Flipping too early: lower yield density, inconsistent canopy.

• Flipping too late: light competition, airflow restrictions, pest/mildew pressure.

• Team misalignment: irrigation techs, plant techs, HVAC operators need a shared checklist.
  
  Key insight: Operational coordination is as critical as plant biology.

Digital Prep & Metrics

35:50–37:25

• METRC & control system must align with Day 1 of flower.

• Check climate recipes, fertigation, day tank levels, and cleaned lines.

• Activate production trackers to monitor plant growth by day and week.
  
  Key insight: Digital alignment prevents overlooked errors and ensures smooth transitions.

Takeaways

• Match DLI and VPD from veg to flower to minimize stress

• Use gradual environmental and EC ramping

• Avoid stacking multiple stressors (move, prune, defoliate, flip all at once)

• Implement humidification systems early in flower

• Know your genetics — tailor canopy and irrigation to cultivar behavior

• Apply lean practices — fewer touches, smarter trellising, efficient workflows

Podcast Episode Summary: 

This episode explores the future of cannabis cultivation, focusing on emerging tech, sustainability, and automation with Anders and Michael:

• Digital twins allow growers to simulate environmental changes in a virtual model of their grow room, predicting outcomes like microclimates, transpiration rates, and yield impacts before making real-world adjustments.
• These systems integrate real-time sensor data with AI and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling to enable more precise, predictive crop management.
• CFD modeling for airflow, temperature, and CO₂ behavior in grow rooms is currently expensive but expected to become more accessible, potentially standard in future facility planning.
• Energy monitoring is predicted to evolve from whole-facility tracking to equipment-specific monitoring, helping optimize individual systems and reduce consumption.
• Closed-loop water recirculation systems are highlighted as a major sustainability trend, treating and reusing city water, condensate, and nutrient runoff through a central filtration system to minimize waste.
• Nutrient recovery systems exist today that can remove fertilizer from water via flash evaporation, though separating specific nutrients is seen as a longer-term innovation.
• Humanoid robotics may begin replacing low-skill labor tasks like defoliation, offering reliability and consistency in areas where human turnover is high. There’s caution about potential malfunctions.
• Lighting has rapidly shifted from HPS to highly efficient LEDs, with some fixtures now achieving over 3.0 micromoles per joule efficiency. Adjustable spectrum LEDs offer targeted benefits but slightly lower efficiency.
• AI-controlled lighting systems are expected to dynamically adjust light intensity, spectrum, and photoperiod based on real-time plant data instead of preset schedules.
• CO₂ delivery systems are seen as mostly mature, but innovation in sourcing like direct air capture or repurposing fermentation CO₂ is likely to emerge.
• HVAC infrastructure will likely remain structurally stable, but control systems and refrigerants are expected to evolve, particularly with environmental regulations pushing R410A out of the market.
• Hosts anticipate building materials like phase change materials could become more common in grow room construction.
• The episode wraps with the hosts expressing appreciation for their niche but engaged audience, encouraging feedback and questions, and highlighting their openness to discussing real-world cultivation challenges on future episodes.

Podcast Episode Summary: 

In this episode, the team from Endless Biotech, represented by Gary Holland and Teddy Pillay, joins the Pipp Horticulture podcast to share a transparent look into their cultivation journey. They discuss the evolution of their internal systems, the importance of flexibility and data in refining operations, and how team culture plays a critical role in maintaining both productivity and morale. Gary and Teddy highlight their collaborative mindset - openly sharing knowledge with other growers and emphasize their appreciation for the support and technology provided by Pipp and their vertical racking systems. The conversation underscores a shared mission between Endless and Pipp to raise the bar for the industry through education, innovation, and community, closing with mutual gratitude and a commitment to ongoing partnership.

Endless Biotech, represented by Gary and Teddy, shares insights into their operations, innovations, and lessons learned as a cultivator using vertical farming systems.

Gary highlights the company’s approach to evolving SOPs, adapting to automation, and continuously refining processes through trial and error and internal feedback.

Teddy emphasizes the importance of culture, clear communication, and team cohesion in maintaining high performance and avoiding burnout.

Both reps underscore the value of data-driven decision making and being proactive rather than reactive in their grow operations.

The group discusses how Endless Biotech collaborates with other growers and vendors (like Pipp), and how a shared commitment to transparency and learning helps lift the entire industry.

Gary and Teddy express deep appreciation for their relationship with Pipp Horticulture, citing the impact of Pipp’s vertical racking systems on their grow capabilities.

Pipp’s hosts express gratitude in return, noting that the podcast’s purpose is education and community building, not sales.

The episode closes with mutual respect and a forward-looking commitment to collaboration and ongoing support.

Podcast Episode Summary: 

Featured Guest: Dr. Allison Justice

• Renowned for her research-driven approach to cannabis cultivation and post-harvest science.
• Leads the conversation on smokability, drying/curing, and the importance of data-backed airflow control.
• Brings years of experience and a scientific lens to solving cultivation challenges in a maturing cannabis industry.

Pipp Horticulture x Fog City Farms Collaboration

• Discussion centers around Fog City’s vertical racking system with Fluence LEDs and Pipp airflow tech.
• Focus on multi-tier flower room environments and the complexities of airflow across different canopy levels.
• Dr. Justice provides context on the importance of maintaining environmental consistency across all tiers.

Custom Airflow & Environmental Control

• Use of automated blackout curtains, duct socks, and return air systems to tailor airflow.
• Goal: Improve control over humidity, temperature, and VPD (Vapor Pressure Deficit), especially during dry/cure.
• Allison emphasizes the challenge of ensuring airflow reaches lower tiers effectively without over-drying top tiers.

The Science of Smokability

• Dr. Justice shares her passion for exploring what makes a cannabis product "smoke well."
  • Going beyond terpenes and cultivar, and into deeper physiological variables.
  • Inspired by tobacco research—looking into chlorophyll content, sugar levels, etc.
• Acknowledges that in-depth testing is costly and time-intensive, but vital for product quality.

Dry & Cure – The Most Critical Phase

• Dr. Justice discusses how this phase often gets overlooked but has the biggest impact on final product.
• Fog City’s data collection over multiple years has helped them understand how drying conditions affect smokeability.
• Calls for the industry to standardize best practices in this area.

Ongoing Research Trial Series

• This episode marks the beginning of an airflow-focused trial series.
• Allison will return regularly (every 3 months) to share updates and insights.
• Collaborative spirit emphasized between science, engineering, and cultivation.

Final Thoughts

• Dr. Justice highlights the importance of digging deeper into the data and science behind good cannabis.
• Michael and Anders express excitement about pioneering this research and sharing knowledge with the broader community.
• Strong call to continue the conversation and grow the industry’s collective understanding.

Hosts Michael Williamson and Anders Peterson speak with Jon Jirikovec, Crop Specialist at Grodan, about substrate management, irrigation strategy, and cannabis cultivation.

Grodan manufactures stone wool (Rockwool) for hydroponic and soilless cultivation, offering high control and steerability for growers.

Jon shares his journey from retail cannabis work in 2013 to his current role supporting growers across North America.
Grodan emphasizes listening to customer feedback and conducting research with institutes like WUR and CRIC to refine techniques.

The team discusses crop steering and irrigation phases (P1, P2, P3) and how they’ve evolved in cannabis compared to vegetables.

Rockwool offers better control and water efficiency than coco, though it requires more precision; it’s easier to rewet and adjust EC.

Substrate sizing is critical; under-sizing can lead to overly vegetative growth and poor-quality flower (e.g., more C buds).

Transitioning from HPS to LEDs often requires adjustments in substrate volume to avoid over-drying and improve irrigation control.

Case studies show that even novice growers can succeed with Rockwool when supported with tools, data, and proper guidance.

Slab systems offer more forgiveness and better resaturation uniformity than blocks, making them ideal for newer cultivators or limited environments.

Labor efficiency and facility design (e.g., racking height and accessibility) play a key role in productivity and plant health.
Rockwool systems reduce labor and mess compared to cocoa/soil systems, making post-harvest cleanup easier and faster.

There's a trend toward more sustainable, low-EC, low-runoff irrigation strategies to conserve water and nutrients.

Growers in water-restricted regions (e.g., U.S. Virgin Islands) may benefit from Rockwool due to its water efficiency.
The importance of environmental control (e.g., VPD, leaf surface temps) in syncing with substrate performance was emphasized.

Discussion of water circularity systems (e.g., True Zero Corp) that reclaim runoff and reduce operational costs.

Greenhouse vs. indoor production: each has advantages; multi-tier greenhouse cultivation is less common but may suit tight spaces.

Harvest and cleanup timing impacts microbial loads and crop quality; separate these steps to reduce contamination risks.

Transitioning to bulking phase should be based on crop observations (e.g., end of stretch), not arbitrary timelines.
Removing fan leaves too early can lead to foxtailing due to hormonal stress; timing and gradual EC changes are key.

Crop steering is a spectrum, not a binary approach—subtle adjustments help maintain plant health and yield.
Under-canopy lighting improves consistency in A/B grade flower but is not always necessary with good canopy and lighting strategy.

Common Rockwool mistakes include letting blocks dry too much before irrigation and using undersized substrates.
Substrate strategy should align with veg time, plant count limits, and business goals.
Discussion teases future episodes on “synganic” growing—blending salt-based fertigation with organic additives for better terpene expression.

Grodan is exploring microbial steering and root-zone microbiome strategies for added performance.

In this episode of Cultivation Elevated, hosts Michael Williamson and Anders Peterson are joined by David Goodnack from Plant CO2 to discuss the crucial role of CO2 in cannabis cultivation, particularly in commercial vertical farming. They explore the technicalities of CO2 systems, focusing on the transition from small-scale home grow setups to large-scale commercial applications that use liquid CO2 stored in cryogenic tanks. David shares his insights on the challenges growers face in sourcing and designing effective CO2 systems and how his company, Plant CO2, was created to fill a gap in the industry. The conversation also touches on the emerging potential of direct air capture technologies, creative CO2 solutions like co-locating with breweries, and the importance of educating growers early on in the design process. Personal anecdotes from David, including his passion for surfing and skydiving, add a lighthearted touch to the discussion.

Introduction

• This episode is hosted by Michael Williamson and Anders Peterson, discussing CO2 design in vertical farming and its importance for cannabis and food production.
• Guest: David Goodnack from Plant CO2.

• CO2 in Commercial Cultivation:
  • CO2 is essential for plant growth, especially in commercial cannabis cultivation.
  • Discusses the importance of CO2 systems in sealed environments like indoor grow rooms.
  • Commercial systems use liquid CO2, stored in cryogenic tanks, compared to smaller, less efficient systems used in home grows.
• CO2 Distribution:
  • Importance of designing CO2 distribution systems to ensure proper levels in all grow rooms.
  • CO2 distribution must be precise to avoid creating microclimates within rooms.
• Liebig’s Law of the Minimum:
  • CO2 is a limiting factor for growth, but its impact is only significant when other factors (e.g., light, nutrients) are optimized.
• CO2 Equipment and Tank Rentals:
  • Discussion on CO2 tank sizes and costs (e.g., a 6-ton cryogenic tank can cost around $90,000).
  • CO2 companies make money through tank rentals and the price of CO2, which depends on delivery and distribution costs.
  • Options to rent or purchase tanks, but rental is often more economical.
• Challenges with CO2 Systems:
  • Challenges faced by commercial growers in finding the right CO2 systems, leading to the creation of Plant CO2 by David.
  • The importance of the right equipment to avoid issues with CO2 loss and inefficient systems.
• Direct Air Capture vs. Liquid CO2:
  • Introduction to direct air capture machines, which pull CO2 from the air and are currently less viable due to high energy consumption and costs.
  • Liquid CO2 remains the more reliable and cost-effective option for commercial growers at this time.
• Innovative CO2 Solutions:
  • Examples of creative CO2 solutions, like co-locating cannabis grows with breweries to capture CO2 from fermentation.
  • Discussion of using combined heat and power (CHP) systems to capture CO2 in greenhouses, especially in places like the Netherlands.
• Education and Market Gaps:
  • Education gaps in the cannabis industry regarding CO2 needs, with growers often neglecting CO2 systems until late in the design process.
  • David’s frustration with the industry led to the creation of Plant CO2 to provide better solutions and education for cannabis growers.
• Personal Insight:
  • David shares his personal interests, including his love for surfing and skydiving, and discusses the connections between engineers and hobbies like surfing.
• Contact Information:
  • David is easily reachable via his website, PlantCO2.com, where customers can get quotes within 24 hours.

This episode highlights the complexity of CO2 systems, the importance of proper design and equipment, and the emerging potential of new technologies in CO2 capture for cultivation.

This episode of Cultivation Elevated dives deep into the curing process of cannabis, exploring its critical role in achieving high-quality flower. Hosts Michael Williamson and Anders Peterson discuss the science behind curing, including moisture content, enzymatic activity, and ethylene gas production. They also examine best practices, common mistakes, and innovative techniques used in both small-scale and commercial settings to optimize terpene retention, potency, and overall product consistency.

Introduction

• Hosted by Michael Williamson and Anders Peterson from Pipp Horticulture.
• Episode focuses on curing cannabis, part of a three-part series on harvesting, drying, and curing.
• Discussion blends traditional methods, scientific advancements, and industry best practices.

Understanding Curing & Its Importance

• Drying vs. Curing: Drying is a rapid moisture reduction, while curing homogenizes moisture content.
• Curing enhances the terpene profile, reducing the “grassy” chlorophyll aroma over time.
• Enzymatic activity and degradation of compounds like chlorophyll play a key role in quality.
• Environmental factors like temperature, humidity, and light exposure impact the curing process.

Different Curing Approaches

• Some commercial growers treat the entire drying room as a curing space.
• Traditional methods include curing in bags, jars, totes, or turkey bags.
• Burping (controlled opening of storage containers) is used to release excess moisture.
• New technology is emerging, such as auto-burp systems and sensor-based monitoring.

Science & Variables in the Curing Process

• Ethylene gas plays a role in the ripening process (similar to bananas and tomatoes).
• Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) impacts moisture release during curing.
• Cannabinoid changes: Overexposure to oxygen converts THC to CBN, making cannabis more sedative.
• Environmental consistency is critical – differences in humidity, temperature, and air circulation affect the final product.

Challenges & Best Practices in Curing

• Different strains (cultivars) require different curing approaches.
• Sorting buds by size and density helps create consistent drying and curing conditions.
• Packaging matters – nitrogen purging was used in the past, but it sometimes reduced flavor quality.
• Commercial growers need to maintain uniform environments in trim rooms to avoid unintended drying during processing.
• Modified Atmospheric Packaging (MAP), commonly used in the food industry, could play a role in long-term cannabis storage.

Industry Insights & Future Research

• Many growers still rely on experience ("feel") rather than scientific testing.
• More research is needed on ethylene gas’s role in curing and optimal curing environments.
• Tobacco and food drying industries offer some insights, but cannabis curing is unique.
• Technology like Curepuck and sensor-based burping solutions could improve consistency.

Closing Thoughts

• Curing is the key differentiator between good cannabis and high-quality cannabis.
• The science behind curing is still evolving, and industry collaboration is needed to refine best practices.