Drip-To-Dray Cannabis Grow Trays

Harvesting, Drying, & Curing Cannabis for Beginners

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Harvesting, Drying, & Curing Cannabis for Beginners

Drip-To-Dray Cannabis Grow Trays

Work Smarter, Not Harder!

After spending months growing a cannabis crop, you want to ensure your work pays off–both in terms of yield and quality. Properly harvesting, drying, and curing cannabis is essential for maximizing profit and successful outcomes.

Following best practices can help you avoid losing your crop to mold and rot while preserving terpene and cannabinoid concentrations. Join us as we explore methods you can implement to optimize these processes.

When Is Cannabis Ready to Harvest?

Timing is critical in the cannabis industry. Harvesting too early inhibits cannabinoid development, while waiting too long can leave your crop non-compliant with regulatory restrictions. 

So, how can you tell if your plants are ready to harvest?

Generally speaking, cannabis plants reach full maturity within 7-12 weeks. Nevertheless, every strain and crop looks different–recognizing the ideal harvest window can be an intricate process. 

Below are two common signs your cannabis is ready to harvest:

Pistil color: In the early stages of growth, cannabis pistols are bright white. A darker pistol color can indicate a plant has reached maturity. 

Trichomes: Trichomes can also help growers identify when to harvest crops. Trichomes start glass-like but become opaque with development. Plants are at peak potency when 80-90% of trichomes have achieved this cloudy appearance.

What Is the Difference Between Drying and Curing Cananbis?

Drying cannabis is the process of removing moisture from a cannabis crop to preserve quality and prevent mold. Conversely, curing refers to the purposeful development of taste, aroma, and potency via specialized environments. These methods are more intricate and time-consuming, as they involve facilitating chemical changes to improve and solidify quality.

Is Hang Drying or Rack Drying Better?

Rack drying can be viable for large-scale facilities with ample drying space. This process allows for easy handling and monitoring because each plant is laid out for complete visibility. 

On the other hand, hanging cannabis is often the optimal method for facilities seeking a quicker dry. Suspension offers sufficient air flow, protecting crops against mold and mildew build-up. This approach also means using your space wisely, as laying plants on screens or racks can eat up much of your dry room footprint. 

Of course, you’ll want to establish the drying method that best suits your unique business. What works for you may depend on space allotment, time constraints, budget, and other factors. Spend time exploring the parameters of your drying needs to develop an effective strategy.

How to Harvest Cannabis

Harvest is one of the most exciting times of the season for cannabis growers. Here, they can finally see the fruit of their labors–a healthy, robust yield. Still, prepping for this time is equally important.

Prepping for Harvest

During the last week of the flowering stage, growers should remove the majority of fan leaves and excess foliage while leaving the bud sites undisturbed. Doing so minimizes labor tasks and makes the process more manageable. Additionally, pruning promotes better airflow and a more consistent moisture removal rate in the drying room.

Another useful pre-harvest method is to dim the lights and cease irrigation events approximately 24-36 hours before cutting. By leveraging transpiration, growers can jumpstart the drying process and reduce the load on HVAC systems in the dry room during the initial stages. 

This technique also lessens the wet weight of the plant and substrate, saving money and expediting the harvesting process (i.e. less physical weight for your staff to move from the upper tiers).

Additionally, Pipp’s Room Generator Tool can help you calculate the exact amount of space and ideal layout for your cannabis operation. This information can be a guide as you plan ahead for the harvest, drying, and curing processes.

Harvesting Your Cannabis

Every touch and transfer increases the risk of product damage, degradation, and contamination. Minimizing unnecessary handling and movement of plants is essential. 

To maximize efficiency and preserve product quality, aim to complete the harvest and transfer to a designated drying room within a day. Modular dry carts can simplify the movement process, limit plant damage, and maintain organization within the facility.

Wet vs. Dry Trimming

After the initial harvest, trimming is essential for ensuring a quality yield. Larger facilities often rely on industrial trimmers for this process (cutting thousands of plants by hand is overly demanding), while smaller growers may favor a more hands-on approach.

Either way, trimming can occur in two different ways. Dry trimming occurs after the drying process but before curing. Cannabis branches are suspended upside down for roughly 10 to 14 weeks, depending on the strain and environment (we’ll delve into this deeper below). This trimming method is typically preferred by cannabis facilities, as it can better preserve terpene profiles, cleanliness, and quality.

Alternatively, wet trimming requires less time because growers separate the buds from the plant before initiating the drying process. Additionally, this method uses less space, which can be ideal for cultivators with smaller crops, fewer resources, or older equipment.

How to Dry Cannabis

After harvesting plants, growers must decide the drying method that best meets quality, quantity, and time requirements. As with growing cannabis, the drying process is complex, and making one mistake can jeopardize an entire yield.

A suitable environment can be achieved by monitoring airflow, managing humidity, and choosing the right equipment. Another important consideration is employee education–ensure your staff is trained on how to implement effective sanitation strategies and proper handling procedures.

Choose the Right Load-In Strategy

Evaluate the benefits of both single load-in and continual load-in strategies. While a single load-in approach (one harvest batch in a single drying room) provides better environmental control, continual load-in strategies (multiple harvest batches in the same drying room) can support continuous production. A single load-in approach is preferable, but choose what aligns best with your facility’s goals and available resources.

Prioritize Plant Spacing

Regardless of the drying method chosen–whole plant or “hook-and-hang”—plant spacing is vital for consistent drying. Initially, the drying space may appear crowded. However, sufficient spacing is created as moisture content decreases, allowing for efficient airflow. Whole plant hanging tends to yield a higher-quality product, reduce labor tasks on harvest day, and simplify track-and-trace compliance duties.

Maintain a Controlled Drying Environment

Invest in a properly sized HVAC system with sufficient latent load sizing to remove moisture effectively. The drying rate is influenced by factors such as the total wet weight of the harvest, room temperature, dehumidification capacity, airflow, and time. 

If the drying rate is too slow, increase room temperatures slightly (HVAC systems and dehumidifiers remove more moisture at higher temperatures), but be cautious to avoid excessive heat that may lead to terpene loss. 

To preserve product integrity, keep the dry room door closed and lights off as much as possible. Minimize unnecessary entries into the room to maintain a consistent and undisturbed drying environment.

Check Moisture Content and Water Activity

Tracking moisture content (MC%) and water activity (Aw) levels is a great way to standardize your drying process, minimize potential product loss, and maximize your revenue. 

In the early stages of the drying process, the goal is to get water activity below 0.65 to reduce the risk of pathogen proliferation. Use these readings to fine-tune and optimize your HVAC set points, either increasing or decreasing your drying rate by modulating temperature.

For an optimal smoking experience, target a moisture content of 10-14%. This range ensures proper drying while preserving terpene profiles and cannabinoid potency. 

MC is a delicate balance. Higher MC increases the total sellable weight of your harvest, while slightly lower MC raises cannabinoid potency on your lab results (less water weight per gram).

Minimize the Mess

Harvesting and drying cannabis can be messy, but taking certain precautions can help preserve cleanliness and sanitation. For example, “buck” or remove buds from stems directly in the dry room. By doing so, you confine the mess to a room already in need of cleaning, rather than creating a mess in another area. This approach simplifies cleanup and reduces the chance of cross-contamination between different cultivation spaces. 

Educate your staff on the importance of cleanliness during the drying process. Provide training on proper handling techniques, emphasizing the need to work carefully and avoid unnecessary spills or messes.

How to Cure Cannabis

The curing process begins once the buds are thoroughly dried and trimmed. Like drying, curing is crucial for preserving flavor and quality. This process allows cultivators to store cannabis for extended periods with little risk of mold or cannabinoid degradation.

Create the Right Environment

Curing is similar to drying in that humidity and temperature are essential. Exact ranges vary depending on the facility location and cannabis strain, but a general rule of thumb is to keep at 55-70°F with a 50-65% humidity level. Buds must also be stored in a dark area, as too much light exposure can erode terpenes.

Choose an Airtight Container

Depending on the size of your facility, curing equipment can differ. Cultivators often opt for airtight jars or stainless steel containers to house buds during the curing process. These vessels ensure that environmental levels remain consistent, thus keeping quality intact.

Growers should remember only to fill containers ¾ full, as doing so allows buds to breathe and lessens the risk of mold. “Burping” is also a must during the first week of curing. Open each container once or twice daily, permitting extra moisture to exit and oxygen to replenish.

Working with the Experts

Now that you’ve read through our harvesting, drying, and curing for beginners guide, PIPP Horticulture is here to help you get started with the best equipment and expert advice. We are dedicated to providing your facility with mobile vertical grow racks and other solutions that optimize the entire cannabis cultivation process. Let the experts with over 40 years of experience in the industry get you ready to produce top-quality yields.

Anders Peterson

About Anders Peterson

Anders is a Cannabis Operations Specialist at Pipp and helps integrate mobile vertical racks and VAS airflow systems into facility designs. He is a leader in indoor CEA facility design and operation, with an academic background in cell and molecular biology and over 10 years of cannabis industry experience.

At 21 years old, Anders co-founded his first legal Prop 215 cannabis company, which manufactured solventless concentrates. He was also one of the first wholesalers of hash rosin in the California medical market and co-founded one of the first medical cannabis dispensaries in Arkansas.

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10 Essential Vertical Farming Tools for the Ultimate Grow Room

10 Essential Vertical Farming Tools for the Ultimate Grow Room

10 Essential Vertical Farming Tools for the Ultimate Grow Room

Today cultivators are implementing and utilizing vertical farming systems and grow room equipment more than ever to maximize production capacity and maintain a competitive edge. For the foreseeable future, vertical farming and the associated technologies will continue to revolutionize and shape the production of cannabis and other high-value crops. For something so revolutionary, it’s quite simple. Vertical growing provides many advantages when done successfully.

The benefits of vertical farming include maximizing your production capacity within a fixed grow space, increased margins as production increases, and the ability to increase production with limited downtime rapidly. Using this previously unused vertical grow space is one of the easiest ways to improve total production capacity. However, effectively utilizing the majority of your space requires some upfront investment, strategic planning, researching options, and budgeting properly for grow room equipment expenditures can be the difference between success and failure. Like any large investment, you need to plan what you’re buying, why you’re buying it when to buy it, and how it will yield a return on your investment (ROI).

In this article, we’ll look at sourcing the right equipment and systems that will effectively integrate to create an optimum controlled growing environment that is efficient, productive, and free of costly miscalculations and constraints.

Why You Need to Select the Right Grow Room Equipment

If you’re going to flourish in the competitive cannabis industry, you’ll need to maximize crop yield and quality. Every square and cubic inch of canopy matter, and ensuring that every inch of plant canopy is operating with minimal downtime while receiving optimal inputs is vital to maximizing production capacity. To do this, you’ll need expertise and proper planning to calculate and integrate systems to achieve maximum results. “Saving a buck”, taking shortcuts, and miscalculations can easily bottleneck or shut down operations altogether.

Investing in the right equipment is the closest thing to crop insurance that you can buy. Putting this type of care into your facility and equipment selection translates into a better product, and overall, more efficient and profitable operation.

How the Right Vertical Farming Equipment Can Boost Your ROI 

In an increasingly competitive industry, maximizing your ROI is the key to long term success. Vertical farming is one of the best paths to achieve this, beginning with choosing the right vertical farming equipment. Making the right decisions and investing intelligently in your operation boosts your ROI in several ways.

First, it allows you to fit more plants into your grow space, increasing the quantity of your overall crop yield. Second, automated servicing across multiple layers of plants can reduce your labor costs resulting in a lower per-unit production cost. Finally, producing more grams lowers your fixed cost per unit. All of this combined lowers your total cost of goods sold (COGS), thereby increasing your bottom line and boosting your ROI.

10 Vertical Farming Equipment Necessities 

#1. Vertical Grow Racks 

The backbone of vertical & indoor farming is a mobile vertical grow rack system. Pipp Horticulture’s vertical grow racks help you utilize unused cubic feet by stacking multiple layers of cannabis and other high-value plants. Using vertical grow racks can offer flexibility and cost savings as you design and scale-up production by reducing the overall building square footage, deferring or eliminating expensive relocation costs due to capacity constraints, and offering flexible tiered expansion without expensive construction and permitting processes.

So, what should you look for when choosing your rack system? Strength and durability in a high-humidity environment. Your grow racks are the skeleton of your operation. The bones provide structure and accommodate all your cannabis plants and equipment, including fans, lights, trays, and irrigation. Your racking and mobile carriage should be constructed with high-strength steel and must have a high capacity to ensure as many plants as possible can fit and grow on each row. The ELEVATE™ Platform System is a robust, lightweight, and portable deck that allows cultivators to access the upper levels of PIPP’s Multi-Tier Mobile Grow Racks quickly, efficiently, and most importantly – safely. This patent-pending system was designed to integrate with PIPP’s Bulk Rack Shelving Systems without any modifications. The ELEVATE™ Platform System can be installed on new or existing mobile vertical grow racks.

ELEVATE™ Platform System

You want a UV-stable, anti-microbial, and fungal-resistant finish that is simple to keep clean and sanitized while giving your cultivation space a professional appearance. Finally, you’ll want to feel confident in the craftsmanship and the ability to last a long time through consistent usage in a damp and corrosive environment.

 

#2. Mobile Carriages 

Just as crucial as choosing the right racks is selecting and correctly installing the associated mobile carriages. If your grow racks are the skeleton of your grow space, the mobile carriages are the muscles, moving the bones around where they need to go.

This mobility is a critical function for optimizing your vertical farm’s capacity and workflow. If you’ve ever been in a library or back-of-house retail stockroom, chances are you’ve seen mobile carriages in action. Pipp’s mobile carriage offerings allow a user to effortlessly move huge racks or shelving units to maximize space and eliminate static aisles between each rack.

When choosing your mobile carriages, keep in mind that they must meet ADA compliance standards. Carriages should utilize in-track anti-tip features that provide worker safety and are often mandatory in states with seismic regulations.

You’ll also want to ensure all components are corrosion and oxidation-resistant. A mechanical-assist drive system allows for the effortless movement of each rack. Selecting the right mobile carriages helps utilize every possible square and cubic inch of space and ensures reliable performance while avoiding operational failure and downtime caused by corrosion and breakdown of cheap components.

Mobile Vertical Grow Racks

#3. Grow Trays 

Once you’ve built the framework or skeleton, it’s time to fill it out with grow trays, the organs, metaphorically speaking. They give your cannabis plants home and provide the foundation and/or mounting points for your lighting, air circulation, and plumbing. Pipp’s grow trays, designed for durability, can be used for both drip-to-drain and ebb-and-flow irrigation. Pipp trays come with UV-stability, anti-microbial, and fungal-resistance properties and feature a built-in trough for easy drainage to ensure a clean, sanitary and productive vertical growing environment.

#4. Lighting 

Along with water and air, lights provide your cannabis plants the crucial input needed for cannabis to grow healthy, and vigorously, and produce high concentrations of cannabinoids, terpenes, flavonoids, and other actives.

Vertical farming typically utilizes LED lights on each growing tier. While this upfront investment can be expensive, the reduced installation costs and continuous energy savings (when compared to HPS lighting) lower your production cost/gram. Most cultivation facilities recoup their upfront premium within several harvests.

When selecting your vertical farming lights, you’ll want to ensure the light spectrum, intensity, and layout are adequate for your needs, typically between 750 and 1500 PPFD. Ideally, flex-wiring or “daisy chain” functionality will allow for reduced electrical work and installation costs. Additionally, you’ll want your lights rated IP65 or IP66 for wet environments, easily dimmable, and capable of providing an even distribution of PPFD across the entire fixture.

Warranty and service should also be taken into consideration when making your final decision on lighting. With all these components, we recommend utilizing proven systems with verifiable installations and operational customers willing to provide positive testimonials. Working with reputable manufacturers provides assurance and support as you determine lighting, cooling, and other crucial calculations necessary to create the ideal growing environment.

#5. Air Flow 

Helping your plants thrive in a vertical growing environment requires ensuring that they get adequate amounts of clean air. Providing sufficient airflow is imperative to plant health and mitigating pests and pathogens throughout your facility. Vertical farming operations have unique air circulation needs. Due to obstructions and restrictions created by infrastructure and the multiple tiers of cultivation, microclimates can form if the design and execution is not done correctly.

Adapting to these challenges is critical for ensuring adequate airflow and thorough fresh air exchanges. You must provide a grow room air circulation system on each level of plants that’s capable of supplying consistent conditioned air to the canopy and sub-canopy across the entire run, with minimal variation. Some airflow systems like Vertical Air Solutions provide additional capabilities, including air sanitization and Co2 enrichment.

#6. HVAC

Your HVAC system is metaphorically like the lungs of a vertical growing system. It brings in fresh air and expels used air through the ventilation system, keeping the air clean, moving, and well-regulated within the set temperature and humidity parameters to ensure your cannabis plants thrive. Keeping your HVAC clean and sanitary allows for regular, fresh-treated air exchange and prevents the growth of mildew, mold, bacteria, and other pathogens in the air.

When choosing your HVAC system, it’s essential to determine the adequate cooling and heating loads specific to your production plan. In addition, you must consider the irrigation rates and dehumidification need to remove excess transpiration.

Most cultivators elect for redundancy in HVAC equipment to ensure continuous operations if one or more systems are down for service or malfunctioning. Also, consider maintenance and servicing these systems, are parts and service personnel nearby and readily available. It is a standard best practice to keep a backup of spare parts prone to breaking and/or have extended lead times.

#7. Irrigation and Fertigation Systems

Similar to previously discussed vertical farming equipment components, irrigation and fertigation systems, and corresponding controls require design, installation, and commissioning to provide coverage for current and future plant layouts and plant feeding strategies. Consistent water and nutrients are essential for cannabis plants. Proper irrigation and fertigation arrangement could be the difference between growing weak plants and producing robust and cannabinoid-rich harvests through various crop steering techniques.

Several well-established companies are operating in this sector, providing irrigation and fertigation systems and controls to commercial farmers worldwide. Utilizing proven providers with cannabis experience will ensure proper functionality and integration. Automated irrigation systems are an excellent way to achieve efficiency, reduce water consumption, and reduce costly and grueling labor often associated with manual fertilizing and hand watering. Be sure to select irrigation and fertigation components that are compatible and integrate with your other grow controls, sensors, and monitors.

#8. Grow Sensor and Monitors 

One of the most high-tech evolutions in cannabis growing is the proliferation of grow sensors and monitors and the robust data now available to growers to help make data-driven solutions. These tools offer both a macro and micro view of your entire grow operation, with in-depth analytics including air temperature, soil temperature, pH, humidity, VPD, lighting, and substrate moisture, among others.

Digitally analyzing your cultivation space allows expert growers to combine their earned expertise with insights located in a simple digital dashboard to optimize vertical cannabis growing conditions. When selecting these components, they must have open API and integrate with other systems and controls to provide real-time alerts and provide feedback to modulate other components that maintain set parameters.

#9. Mobile Carts 

With a solid infrastructure of vertical grow racks, mobile carriages, and grow trays in place, your vertical farm setup is starting to take shape. While space maximization and optimization have been our main focus throughout this article, we’ve yet to address one of the critical activities of all cannabis operations: harvesting and drying plants.

Now that you’ve optimized the cultivation areas, it’s only right to extend these concepts into the processing and drying areas to maximize the space and create efficient workflow and processes.  Pipp’s mobile cannabis drying racks quickly move from flowering rooms to processing and drying areas, making for an efficient, gentle, and sanitary transition from harvest to drying. It’s a smart idea to invest in a few other general mobile carts for storage and transportation to keep the team safe in the grow space, as accidents are more likely to occur when someone is carrying around large loads of gear or plants.

The ideal drying cart is designed and constructed for durability and flexibility to accommodate hanging plants or bucked cannabis to dry/cure/process harvested material. Carts should be adjustable and have various trays or hanging options like cantilever-style finger attachments allowing for custom configuration based on specific plant structure, process, and intended use. Additional features like nesting bases, security cages, and anti-microbial and fungal-resistance coatings are available.

#10. Storage Lockers 

Cannabis growing operations have to ensure the safety of their employees, communities, facilities, and product. This is a multi-faceted challenge that requires keeping close track of everything that enters and exits the building. Government regulators must quickly identify the quantity and quality of your product down to the gram. Given this scrutiny level, it’s key to create processes and procedures that prevent product diversion and maintain a sanitary production facility.

Developing in/out flow controls, employee clean-up rooms, sanitation, and cleanliness policies, and investing in high-quality storage lockers, like those produced at Pipp are great ways to ensure safety and provide workers with the peace of mind that their belongings are safe. Various options, including multi-tier, see-through, and coatings, are available.

 Common Vertical Farming Equipment Mistakes

Now that we’ve reviewed the main components of a vertical farming system let’s address some of the most common vertical farming equipment mistakes.  

 

Believing the investment is out of budget and seeking cheaper and inferior options.

Financial constraint is the most common reason for choosing a suboptimal solution. But don’t let a lack of cash limit your options. Securing capital without traditional institutional lenders can make capitalizing a cannabis operation challenging. However, as the industry develops and becomes more mainstream, funding and leasing options for cultivation equipment are becoming more readily available with terms equivalent to those provided to other sectors. Working with Pipp’s team to create a phasing plan for purchasing and installing growing equipment can help defer some capital expenditures to future expansion phases.

Undercutting the operation by miscalculating and skimping on equipment.

By miscalculating or buying less output or capacity than required for optimal performance, you may overextend and wear out undersized equipment, severely impeding your operation from fully maximizing and capitalizing on the advantages of vertical farming. Upfront investment in adequate infrastructure supports operations that generate profit, providing funding for future expansion as demand increases.

Pipp Horticulture Cannabis Grow

Failure to design grow space for vertical farming.

Vertical farming success hinges on strategic planning, calculations, and design. Getting the Pipp Team involved early in the design process can significantly augment your overall production capacity. While the equipment can dynamically move around your grow space, calculating ideal room sizes and configurations that maximize your canopy can increase production capacity by up to 55%.

How Pipp Horticulture Can Help

This piece was an informative and helpful review of vertical farming vs. conventional farming and the various components that integrate to create an optimized cultivation facility. Though we covered much information, there is much more detail and nuance that sets up and operates a vertical farm. When you are ready to learn more and begin planning a vertical grow, Pipp Horticulture can help you with expert advice and industry-leading vertical farming equipment.

We offer the best in vertical grow racks, mobile carriages, grow trays, mobile carts, and storage lockers to optimize your vertical cannabis growing operation. Contact the Pipp Horticulture team today for a complimentary consultation to maximize your facility’s potential.

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New Greenhaus Industries Website Is Launched!

New Greenhaus Industries Website Is Launched!

New Greenhaus Industries Website Is Launched!

At Pipp Horticulture, we pride ourselves on providing the best mobile vertical farming and storage solutions for your grow operations. For years, we’ve partnered with other industry leaders in the cultivation and made the move to make Greenhaus Industries a part of our team in 2013.

Meet Greenhaus Industries

Greenhaus Industries is an innovator and manufacturer of multi-level cultivation and drying systems designed for the vertical farming industry. Greenhaus systems allow cultivators to maximize small and large spaces for vertical cultivation and drying facilities, which can dramatically increase production and profits. Working with Pipp Horticulture and its partners, they create the perfect cultivation system for your grow operations. 

Modern cultivation calls for a more modern site design which is why they saw the need to redesign their outdated, unresponsive website.  Check out the new website , and let us know what you think!

 

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Multi-Tier Grow Racks by Pipp Horticulture

“The Buckeye Harvest” – Cannabis Business Times, January 2019 Issue

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“The Buckeye Harvest” – Cannabis Business Times, January 2019 Issue

Take a look at part 2 of an article series that the Cannabis Business Times published about one of our satisfied customers.

The Buckeye Harvest

Part II of this three-part deep-dive series into Ohio’s Buckeye Relief tracks the company’s first crop and harvest as team members share tips and lessons learned.

Read the article here

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Cannabis Flower Room Using Mobile Vertical Grow Racks

“The Buckeye Buildout” – Cannabis Business Times, December 2018 Issue

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“The Buckeye Buildout” – Cannabis Business Times, December 2018 Issue

Buckeye Relief - '22

Take a look at an article that the Cannabis Business Times published about one of our satisfied customers.

The Buckeye Buildout

How Andy Rayburn, co-founder and CEO of Ohio’s Buckeye Relief, and his team developed the state’s top-ranked application and built a state-of-the-art cultivation facility in record time.

Read the article here

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